| : When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, the capital was moved to Ankara, and Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in 1930 | Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism |
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| Freely, John — Inside the Seraglio, published 1999, Chapter 15: On the Shores of the Bosphorus• Roy, Gilles; Abdul-Hamid, le sultan rouge; 1936• The Origins of the War of 1914, Volume I | Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica Inc |
The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913.
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